In the context of Gottman’s therapy, which behavior is associated with the "Four Horsemen"?

In Gottman's therapy framework, the "Four Horsemen" refers to negative communication patterns that can predict relationship breakdown. Among these, criticism stands out as a particularly harmful behavior. Criticism involves attacking your partner's character or personality rather than addressing specific behaviors or issues. This not only escalates conflict but can also lead to feelings of defensiveness and negativity in the relationship.

Understanding criticism as part of the "Four Horsemen" is crucial because it highlights the importance of focusing on specific behaviors and using more constructive communication strategies like expressing needs without blaming or attacking the partner’s character. The awareness of criticism and its effects can help couples work towards healthier communication patterns, ultimately fostering a more positive and supportive relationship environment.

In contrast, the other options—gentle start-up, shared rituals, and affectionate signaling—represent positive behaviors that can enhance communication and strengthen relationships rather than contribute to their deterioration.